The total and regional peripheral resistance and capacitance of the vascular system is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, which influences the vasculature mainly through changes in the release of catecholamines from both the sympathetic nerve terminals and the adrenal medulla.

In this review we focus on some of the recent developments in the use of green fluorescent proteins for studying intracellular signalling pathways often with special reference to the actions of insulin. We also discuss the future utility of these proteins to analyse protein and protein interactions in signalling pathways using fluorescence resonance energy transfer.

In this review, we highlight important recent developments in our understanding of the molecular genetic basis of primary cardiac tumor types: myxomas, rhabdomyomas, lipomas, and fibromas.

Signals are initiated upon binding of TGFβ superfamily members to cell-surface serine/threonine kinase receptors and are then propagated by the intracellular mediators known as Smads. Activation of Smads results in their translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, where they activate or repress transcription together with transcription factors so as to regulate target gene expression.

Recently, two peptides were isolated, products of the same prohormone, that were reported to have significant prolactin-releasing activity. These peptides, called prolactin releasing peptides, are not accepted by all investigators to be in fact PRFs.

Precisely how nuclear pore complexes regulate macromolecular and ionic traffic remains unknown, but recent advances in the identification and characterization of components of the complex by proteomics and genomics have provided new insights.

This paper focuses on the tissue-, cellular- and molecularlevel events that generate and entrain circadian rhythms in behavior in mammals and emphasizes the apparent differences between the SCN and peripheral oscillators.

The hypothesis that late reperfusion by percutaneous coronary intervention days to weeks after myocardial infarction results in improved long-term clinical outcomes in asymptomatic patients with occluded infarct-related artery is currently being tested in the randomized, multicenter Occluded Artery Trial.

Works leads to a common genetic hypothesis which states that, unlike classical mendelian genetic disorders, common autoimmune and inflammatory disorders arise from combinatorial interactions of common nondisease specific loci, disease specific loci, and specific environmental triggers.

Structural change in the host prion protein, PrPC to an insoluble and aggregated form with increased b-sheet content (PrPSc) is central to the pathology of prion diseases.

Each year, Science's editors gather to consider nominations for Breakthrough of the Year. It is always challenging to approach an assortment of new discoveries

Small GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) exist in eukaryotes from yeast to human and constitute a superfamily consisting of more than 100 members. This superfamily is structurally classified into at least five families: the Ras, Rho, Rab, Sar1/Arf, and Ran families. They regulate a wide variety of cell functions as biological timers (biotimers) that initiate and terminate specific cell functions and determine the periods of time for the continuation of the specific cell functions.

In this review, we describe the base excision repair (BER) mechanism involved in processing of clustered damages and discuss how this mechanism may contribute to maintaining genome stability.

In this review, the central role of NO in the regulation of sympathetic outflow and subsequent cardiovascular control is examined. After a brief introduction concerning the location of NO synthase (NOS) containing neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), studies that demonstrate the central effect of NO by systemic administration of NO modulators will be presented.

In this short article, we will discuss how we are in the process of integrating PubMed with other information resources in order to build a layered approach to biomedical data.

Proteinase-activated receptors are a recently described, novel family of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Rather then being stimulated through ligand receptor occupancy, activation is initiated by cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor by a serine protease resulting in the generation of a new tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor within extracellular loop-2.

Ever since DNA microarrays were first applied to the quantitation of RNA levels, there has been considerable interest in generating a protein homolog that can be used to assay cellular protein expression. A recent paper describes the first microarray that can be used for such protein profiling.

Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Physiological functions include its participation in DNA-base excision repair, DNA-damage signalling, regulation of genomic stability, and regulation of transcription and proteasomal function, supporting the previously observed correlation of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity with mammalian life.

Our data indicate that the tumour suppressor homologue p73 probably plays a role in VSM cell cycle progression, being mediated by a specific, as yet unidentified, serum component, and identifies a new function for this protein as being important in the pathogenesis of human atherosclerosis as well as other vascular diseases.

The DNA sequence of one of the smallest eukaryotic genomes has recently been finished - that of the reduced nucleus, or nucleomorph, of an algal endosymbiont that resides within a cryptomonad host cell. Its sequence promises insights into chloroplast acquisition, the constraints on genome size and the basic workings of eukaryotic cells.

Here we review the recent progress in identification of signalling pathways that modulate the action of key RNA-binding proteins which regulate splicing, and the mechanisms of action of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II that co-ordinate transcription with nuclear mRNA processing events.

The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily includes receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and vitamin D, as well as different “orphan” receptors of unknown ligand. Ligands for some of these receptors have been recently identified, showing that products of lipid metabolism such as fatty acids, prostaglandins, or cholesterol derivatives can regulate gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors.

This review focuses on the use of synthetic (non-viral) delivery systems for cancer gene therapy.Common principles and specific advantages or disadvantages of the individual synthetic gene delivery systems are discussed, and their interaction with tumor-specific and generic biological barriers are examined in order to identify potential strategies to overcome them.

Mrs. C, an 81-year-old woman, arrives at the emergency department of a community hospital 4 hours after the onset of crushing retrosternal chest pain. The pain radiates to her back, shoulders and arms and is associated with diaphoresis.

Domain-specific cortical regions are reactivated during vivid remembering and contribute to the contents of a memory. Here, we describe how these regions interact to orchestrate an act of remembering.

Here, we describe multifunctional proteins that control bothnuclear and cytoplasmic steps of gene expression.processing steps.We speculate that shuttling multifunctional proteins serve to efficiently link RNA metabolism in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments.

This review, however, will focus on the molecular mechanisms of mammalian cell survival mediated by canonical MAPK signaling. MAPK-dependent cell survival mechanisms have also been described in Drosophila (22, 23), but because these pathways have yet to show conservation in mammals, they will not be discussed here.

A novel assay in vitro was used to activate the transforming growth factor (TGF-) gene in situ in MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with cDNA for D351 ER or D351G ER. Three estrogen types were used: estradiol, diethylstilbestrol, and a triphenylethylene (TPE) derivative of tamoxifen without the antiestrogenic side chain.

This review focuses on disorders of the respiratory chain, the only area of mammalian cellular metabolism under the control of two genomes, nuclear and mitochondrial.We describe genetic mitochondrial cardiomyopathies and briefly review mouse models and the mitochondrial theory of presbycardia.

Microarrays of mouse genes are now available from several sources, and they have so far given new insights into gene expression in embryonic development, regions of the brain and during apoptosis. Microarray data posted on the internet can be reanalyzed to study a range of questions.

A comparison of Proteins of the Rab and SNARE families from the budding yeast, fission yeast, nematode and fruitfly genomes has implications for the organization of membrane traffic in different organisms.

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