合成生物学与人工生命

       合成生物学是指设计、构制自然界不存在或存在的生物体。合成生物学研究如何构建人工生物体，虽然其中涉及到很多实验科学和生物科学，但其目的是工程应用而非科学研究。但合成生物学却可以为很多领域研究的提供新角度。生物学家可以用它来重建研究对象，由此加深对生命活动的理解；化学家和物理学家可以用它来发现自然状态下分子的活动行为；工程人员则获得了丰富的生物材料和生物能源用于工程设计制造。
       24日Science杂志发表一篇合成生物学相关的文章：
       Complete Chemical Synthesis, Assembly, and Cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium Genome
       文章声称“J. Craig Venter”研究所已经成功地合成了生殖支原体(Mycoplasma genitalium)的基因组。《Science》评论说虽然现在还不能证实合成的基因组是否可以是真正的代替自然状态下的基因组，但是这项工作已经为定制细菌使其更有效的生成药物、生物油料和其他对人类有用的分子铺平了道路。

《Science》和《Nature》各自发表的评论：

• Scientists Synthesize a Genome From Scratch
• Genome stitched together by hand

• More on synthetic biology
• Watchdog group concerned about synthetic biology
• Document exploring options for guidelines for synthetic biologists

• biotech-Artificial cells-building bioinspired systems using small-scale biology
• biotech-artificial cells-Selection of restriction endonucleases using artificial cells
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Cell responses to the mechanochemical microenvironment—Implications for regenerative medicine and drug delivery
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Cellular and multicellular form and function
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Fibroblast mechanics in 3D collagen matrices
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Growth factor binding to the pericellular matrix and its importance in tissue engineering
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Hyaluronan-dependent pericellular matrix
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Micromechanical control of cell and tissue development-Implications for tissue engineering
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Natural and artificial cellular microenvironments for soft tissue repair
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Spatiotemporal control over growth factor signaling for therapeutic neovascularization
• drug delivery-Natural and Artificial Cellular Microenvironments for Soft Tissue Repair-Three-dimensional microenvironments modulate fibroblast signaling responses
• biotech-Rapid prototyping as a tool for manufacturing bioartificial livers
• imm-The Structure and Function of Antigen Receptors-Synthetic surfaces as artificial antigen presenting cells in the study of T cell receptor triggering and immunological synapse formation
• bi-mi-cv-Medical diagnosis of atherosclerosis from Carotid Artery Doppler Signals using principal component analysis (PCA), k-NN based weighting pre-processing and Artificial Immune Recognition System
• biochem-biotech-Creating functional artificial proteins
• biotech-Artificial organs-Artificial liver support at present and in the future
• biotech-Artificial organs-Artificial liver support-future aspects
• biotech-Artificial organs-Artificial lungs-current state and trends of clinical use and research and development
• biotech-Artificial organs-Artificial Organs 2006
• biotech-Artificial organs-Artificial organs-a new chapter in medical history
• biotech-Artificial organs-Biomaterials in ophthalmology, 2005
• biotech-Artificial organs-Biomedical Engineering
• biotech-Artificial organs-Blue light-filtering foldable acrylic intraocular lens
• biotech-Artificial organs-Bone tissue engineering with porous hydroxyapatite ceramics
• biotech-Artificial organs-Causes of Impaired Delivery of Hemodialysis Prescription
• biotech-Artificial organs-Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders
• biotech-Artificial organs-Chimeric Monkeys With Human Brains
• biotech-Artificial organs-Chitosan hydrogel as a drug delivery carrier to control angiogenesis
• biotech-Artificial organs-Chronic nonpulsatile blood flow is compatible with normal end-organ function-implications for LVAD development
• biotech-Artificial organs-Clinical benefits and risk analysis of topical hemostats-a review
• biotech-Artificial organs-Drug targeting with nano-sized carrier systems
• biotech-Artificial organs-FDA Approval of Totally Implantable Permanent Total Artificial Heart for Humanitarian Use
• biotech-Artificial organs-History of artificial organs in Japan
• biotech-Artificial organs-Incentive for a shift from modern scientific medicine to integrative medicine
• biotech-Artificial organs-Less Stented Bovine Pericardial Xenograft
• biotech-Artificial organs-Numerical and In Vitro Investigations of Pressure Rise in a New Hydrodynamic Blood Bearing
• biotech-Artificial organs-Online Hemodiafiltration
• biotech-Artificial organs-Percutaneous extracorporeal cardiopulmonary support-current practice and its role
• biotech-Artificial organs-Present status and perspectives of bioartificial kidneys
• biotech-Artificial organs-Progress of Rotary Blood Pumps
• biotech-Artificial organs-Progress of Rotary Blood Pumps-
• biotech-Artificial organs-Regenerative Medicine for Cardiovascular Disorders-New Milestones
• biotech-Artificial organs-Rotary Blood Pumps
• biotech-Artificial organs-The Role of Circulatory Assistance and Heart Transplantation in Chagas' Disease Cardiomyopathy
• biotech-Artificial organs-The Spread and Breadth of Artificial Organ Technologies
• biotech-Artificial organs-Update on mitral valve surgery
• cv-surg-Artificial chordae for pediatric mitral and tricuspid valve repair
• gt-current gene therapy-Genomic Context Vectors and Artificial Chromosomes for Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy
• imm-sb-Real and artificial immune systems
• method-Artificially engineered magnetic nanoparticles for ultra-sensitive molecular imaging
• cv-cell-S-nitrosylated and pegylated hemoglobin, a newly developed artificial oxygen carrier, exerts cardioprotection against ischemic hearts
• cv-myocardial infarction-Artificial neural network algorithms for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and prediction of infarct size in chest pain patients
• cv-imaging-A Novel Two-Dimensional Echocardiographic Image Analysis System Using Artificial Intelligence-Learned Pattern Recognition for Rapid Automated Ejection Fraction
• drug delivery-Human cancer vaccines-Improved peptide vaccine strategies, creating synthetic artificial infections to maximize immune efficacy
• bi-mi-Network topology and the evolution of dynamics in an artificial genetic regulatory network model created by whole genome duplication and divergence
• cv-arrhy-Bioartificial Sinus Node Constructed via In Vivo Gene Transfer of an Engineered Pacemaker HCN Channel Reduces the Dependence on Electronic Pacemaker in a Sick-Sinus Syndrome Model
• transplant-Liver transplantation-Is there a future for the bioartificial liver
• bi-mi-cv-Prediction of vascular tissue engineering results with artificial neural networks
• bi-mi-Logistic regression and artificial neural network classification models
• biotech-nanotechnology-Artificial Organelle
• biotech-nanotechnology-Artificial viruses
• biotech-nanotechnology-Therapeutic applications of polymeric artificial cells
• biotech-Synthesizing cellular intelligence and artificial intelligence for bioprocesses
• biotech-Tissue Engineering-Small-diameter artificial arteries engineered in vitro
• bi-sb-ca-Artificial neural networks for diagnosis and survival prediction in colon cancer
• cell-chromosome-gt-Artificial and engineered chromosomes
• diabetes-An overview on the development of a bio-artificial pancreas as a treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• epidemiol-Applications of Artificial Intelligence Systems in the Analysis of Epidemiological Data
• eye-Biologically Inspired Artificial Compound Eyes
• gt-A novel approach for gene therapy-engraftment of fibroblasts containing the artificial chromosome expression system at the site of inflammation
• reproduction-Efforts to create an artificial testis
• THERAPY-BIOLOGY THERAPY-Development of mammalian artificial chromosomes for the treatment of genetic diseases
• bi-mi-cv-Prediction of vascular tissue engineering results with artificial neural networks
• bi-mi-Logistic regression and artificial neural network classification models
• cv-arrhy-Artificial Baroreflex Clinical Application of a Bionic Baroreflex System
• Diabetes-therapy-An overview on the development of a bio-artificial pancreas as a treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• cv-Vascular-Small-Diameter Artificial Arteries Engineered In Vitro
• Therapy-Artificial Organs-An Intelligent Remote Monitoring System for Artificial Heart
• bi-Prediction of vascular tissue engineering results with artificial neural networks
• ns-computational and systems neuroscience-In praise of artifice
• Reproduction-Efforts to create an artificial testis
• Anesthesia-Protective lung strategies during artificial ventilation in children
• cell-method-Enhanced RNA cleavage within bulge-loops by an artificial ribonuclease
• cell-method-Induction and characterization of taxol-resistance phenotypes with a transiently expressed artificial transcriptional activator library
• cell-method-mammalian artificial chromosome engineering system (ACE System) applicable to biopharmaceutical protein production, transgenesis and gene-based cell therapy
• cell-method-Rapid generation of long synthetic tandem repeats and its application for analysis in human artificial chromosome formation
• biotech-Artificial, non-antibody binding proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications
• drug discovery-Artificial intelligence and robotics in high throughput post-genomics
• drug-Artificial intelligence and robotics in high throughput post-genomics
• transcription-An Artificial Activator that Contacts a Normally Occluded Surface of the RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme
• imm-Artificial antigen-presenting cells
• medicine-Biomedical Research-A giant step towards artificial life
• medicine-Biomedical Research-Artificial, non-antibody binding proteins for pharmaceutical and industrial applications
• bi-sb-Design of a genome-wide siRNA library using an artificial neural network
• ca-bi-mi-Artificial neural networks for diagnosis and survival prediction in colon cancer
• ca-imm-Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells Transduced with Telomerase Efficiently Expand Epitope-Specific, Human Leukocyte Antigen–Restricted Cytotoxic T Cells
• cv-coronary artery disease-Artificial neural network modeling of stress single-photon emission computed tomographic imaging for detecting extensive coronary artery disease
• cv-myocardial infarction-Artificial neural networks and robust Bayesian classifiers for risk stratification following uncomplicated myocardial infarction
• drug discovery-Chemical Biology-Artificial metallo-DNA
• Therapy-Artificial Organs-Mechanical circulatory support devices (MCSD) in Japan-current status and future directions